Neurobiology of Aging
Volume 33, Issue 1 , Pages 121-133 , January 2012

Changes in kinetics of amino acid uptake at the ageing ovine blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier

Received 28 May 2009 ,Revised 15 January 2010 ,Accepted 19 January 2010.

References 

  1. Abe O, Yamasue H, Aoki S, Suga M, Yamada H, Kasai K, et al. Aging in the CNS: comparison of gray/white matter volume and diffusion tensor data. Neurobiol. Aging. 2008;29(1):102–116
  2. Allen JS, Bruss J, Brown CK, Damasio H. Normal neuroanatomical variation due to age: the major lobes and a parcellation of the temporal region. Neurobiol. Aging. 2005;26(9):1245–1260
  3. Al-Sarraf H, Preston JE, Segal MB. Acidic amino acid clearance from CSF in the neonatal versus adult rat using ventriculo-cisternal perfusion. J. Neurochem. 2000;74(2):770–776
  4. Anderson JM, Hubbard BM, Coghill GR, Slidders W. The effect of advanced old age on the neurone content of the cerebral cortex. Observations with an automatic image analyser point counting method. J. Neurol. Sci. 1983;58:235–246
  5. Anderson RW, Brown CJ, Blumbergs PC, McLean AJ, Jones NR. Impact mechanics and axonal injury in a sheep model. J. Neurotrauma. 2003;20:961–974
  6. Antonioli JA, Christensen HN. Differences in schedules of regression of transport systems during reticulocyte maturation. J. Biol. Chem. 1969;244:1505–1509
  7. Babik TM. Morphometric characteristics of epitheliocytes in the choroid plexus of the cerebral ventricles in humans during aging. Neurosci. Behav. Physiol. 2007;37:107–109
  8. Babu E, Kanai Y, Chairoungdua A, Kim DK, Iribe Y, Tangtrongsup S, et al. Identification of a novel system L amino acid transporter structurally distinct from heterodimeric amino acid transporters. J. Biol. Chem. 2003;278:43838–43845
  9. Banos G, Daniel PM, Moorhouse SR, Pratt OE. The influx of amino acids into the brain of the rat in vivo: the essential compared with some non-essential amino acids. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 1973;183:59–70
  10. Barron AM, Cake M, Verdile G, Martins RN. Ovariectomy and 17β-estradiol replacement do not alter β-amyloid levels in sheep brain. Endocrinology. 2009;150:3228–3236
  11. Beal MF. Mechanisms of excitotoxicity in neurologic diseases. FASEB J. 1992;6:3338–3344
  12. Boado RJ, Li JY, Nagaya M, Zhang C, Pardridge WM. Selective expression of the large neutral amino acid transporter at the blood–brain barrier. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1999;96:12079–12084
  13. Boado RJ, Li JY, Pardridge WM. Site-directed mutagenesis of rabbit LAT1 at amino acids 219 and 234. J. Neurochem. 2003;84:1322–1331
  14. Bodoy S, Martin L, Zorzano A, Palacin M, Estevez R, Bertran J. Identification of LAT4, a novel amino acid transporter with system L activity. J. Biol. Chem. 2005;280:12002–12011
  15. Bogle G, Baydoun AR, Pearson JD, Mann GE. Regulation of L-arginine transport and nitric oxide release in superfused porcine aortic endothelial cells. J. Physiol. 1996;490(Pt 1):229–241
  16. Braak H, Braak E, Strothjohann M. Abnormally phosphorylated tau-prrotein related to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and neuropil threads in the cerebral–cortex of sheep and goat. Neurosci. Lett. 1994;171:1–4
  17. Brenton DP, Gardiner RM. Transport of L-phenylalanine and related amino acids at the ovine blood–brain barrier. J. Physiol. 1988;402:497–514
  18. Broer A, Brookes N, Ganapathy V, Dimmer KS, Wagner CA, Lang F, et al. The astroglial ASCT2 amino acid transporter as a mediator of glutamine efflux. J. Neurochem. 1999;73:2184–2194
  19. Broer S. Adaptation of plasma membrane amino acid transport mechanisms to physiological demands. Pflugers Arch. 2002;444:457–466
  20. Broer S. Amino acid transport across mammalian intestinal and renal epithelia. Physiol. Rev. 2008;88:249–286
  21. Broer S, Broer A, Hansen JT, Bubb WA, Balcar VJ, Nasrallah FA, et al. Alanine metabolism, transport, and cycling in the brain. J. Neurochem. 2007;102:1758–1770
  22. Chen RL, Athauda SB, Kassem NA, Zhang Y, Segal MB, Preston JE. Decrease of transthyretin synthesis at the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier of old sheep. J. Gerontol. A. 2005;60:852–858
  23. Chen RL, Kassem NA, Sadeghi M, Preston JE. Insulin-like growth factor-II uptake into choroid plexus and brain of young and old sheep. J. Gerontol. A. 2008;63:141–148
  24. Chen RL, Kassem NA, Redzic ZB, Chen CP, Segal MB, Preston JE. Age-related changes in choroid plexus and blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier function in the sheep. Exp. Gerontol. 2009;44:289–296
  25. Christensen HN, Liang M, Archer EG. A distinct Na+-requiring transport system for alanine, serine, cysteine, and similar amino acids. J. Biol. Chem. 1967;242:5237–5246
  26. Christensen HN. Organic ion transport during seven decades. The amino acids. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1984;779:255–269
  27. Christensen HN. Distinguishing amino acid transport systems of a given cell or tissue. Methods Enzymol. 1989;173:576–616
  28. Christensen HN. Role of amino acid transport and countertransport in nutrition and metabolism. Physiol. Rev. 1990;70:43–77
  29. Chuang DT, Chuang JL, Wynn RM. Lessons from genetic disorders of branched-chain amino acid metabolism. J. Nutr. 2006;136:243S–249S
  30. Closs EI, Boissel JP, Habermeier A, Rotmann A. Structure and function of cationic amino acid transporters (CATs). J. Membr. Biol. 2006;213:67–77
  31. Closs EI, Lyons CR, Kelly C, Cunningham JM. Characterization of the third member of the MCAT family of cationic amino acid transporters. Identification of a domain that determines the transport properties of the MCAT proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 1993;268:20796–20800
  32. Cottrell DA, Blakely EL, Johnson MA, Ince PG, Borthwick GM, Turnbull DM. Cytochrome c oxidase deficient cells accumulate in the hippocampus and choroid plexus with age. Neurobiol. Aging. 2001;22:265–272
  33. Daniel PM, Pratt OE, Wilson PA. The transport of L-leucine into the brain of the rat in vivo: saturable and non-saturable components of influx. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 1977;196:333–346
  34. Davids HL, Southey IN, Goodall DW. Effect of stocking rate and lambing time on gestation length in sheep. Nature. 1966;211:998–999
  35. Deutsch SI, Rosse RB, Schwartz BL, Mastropaolo J. A revised excitotoxic hypothesis of schizophrenia: therapeutic implications. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 2001;24:43–49
  36. Deves R, Boyd CA. Transporters for cationic amino acids in animal cells: discovery, structure, and function. Physiol. Rev. 1998;78:487–545
  37. Duelli R, Enerson BE, Gerhart DZ, Drewes LR. Expression of large amino acid transporter LAT1 in rat brain endothelium. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2000;20:1557–1562
  38. Ennis SR, Novotny A, Xiang J, Shakui P, Masada T, Stummer W, et al. Transport of 5-aminolevulinic acid between blood and brain. Brain Res. 2003;959:226–234
  39. Eriksson L, Westermark P. Intracellular neurofibrillary tangle-like aggregations. A constantly present amyloid alteration in the aging choroid plexus. Am. J. Pathol. 1986;125:124–129
  40. Esiri MM. Ageing and the brain. J. Pathol. 2007;211:181–187
  41. Farrell C, Chappell F, Armitage PA, Keston P, MacLullich A, Shenkin S, et al. Development and initial testing of normal reference MR images for the brain at ages 65–70 and 75–80 years. Eur. Radiol. 2009;19:177–183
  42. Fernstrom JD, Wurtman RJ. Brain serotonin content: physiological regulation by plasma neutral amino acids. Science. 1972;178:414–416
  43. Ferraro TN, Hare TA. Free and conjugated amino acids in human CSF: influence of age and sex. Brain Res. 1985;338:53–60
  44. Friesema EC, Jansen J, Jachtenberg JW, Visser WE, Kester MH, Visser TJ. Effective cellular uptake and efflux of thyroid hormone by human monocarboxylate transporter 10. Mol. Endocrinol. 2008;22:1357–1369
  45. Gietzen DW, Rogers QR. Nutritional homeostasis and indispensable amino acid sensing: a new solution to an old puzzle. Trends Neurosci. 2006;29:91–99
  46. Giovannini M, Verduci E, Salvatici E, Fiori L, Riva E. Phenylketonuria: dietary and therapeutic challenges. J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 2007;30:145–152
  47. Gonoi, W., Abe, O., Yamasue, H., Yamada, H., Masutani, Y., Takao, H., Kasai, K., Aoki, S., Ohtomo, K., in press. Age-related changes in regional brain volume evaluated by atlas-based method. Neuroradiology, doi:10.1007/s00234-009-0641-5.
  48. Gonzalez-Gonzalez IM, Cubelos B, Gimenez C, Zafra F. Immunohistochemical localization of the amino acid transporter SNAT2 in the rat brain. Neuroscience. 2005;130:61–73
  49. Gonzalez-Soriano J, Marin Garcia P, Contreras-Rodriguez J, Martinez-Sainz P, Rodriguez-Veiga E. Age-related changes in the ventricular system of the dog brain. Ann. Anat. 2001;183:283–291
  50. Grammas P, Kwaiser TM, Caspers ML. Regulation of amino acid uptake into cerebral microvessels. Neuropharmacology. 1992;31:409–412
  51. Hargreaves KM, Pardridge WM. Neutral amino acid transport at the human blood–brain barrier. J. Biol. Chem. 1988;263:19392–19397
  52. Hawkins RA, O’Kane RL, Simpson IA, Vina JR. Structure of the blood–brain barrier and its role in the transport of amino acids. J. Nutr. 2006;136:218S–226S
  53. Hunter N. Scrapie-uncertainties, biology and molecular approaches. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2007;1772:619–628
  54. Ikram MA, Vrooman HA, Vernooij MW, van der Lijn F, Hofman A, van der Lugt A, et al. Brain tissue volume in the general elderly population. The Rotterdam scan study. Neurobiol. Aging. 2008;29(6):882–890
  55. Ito H, Hatazawa J, Murakami M, Miura S, Iida H, Bloomfield PM, et al. Aging effect on neutral amino acid transport at the blood–brain barrier measured with L-[2-18F]-fluorophenylalanine and PET. J. Nucl. Med. 1995;36:1232–1237
  56. Kageyama T, Nakamura M, Matsuo A, Yamasaki Y, Takakura Y, Hashida M, et al. The 4F2hc/LAT1 complex transports L-DOPA across the blood–brain barrier. Brain Res. 2000;879:115–121
  57. Kanai Y, Segawa H, Miyamoto K, Uchino H, Takeda E, Endou H. Expression cloning and characterization of a transporter for large neutral amino acids activated by the heavy chain of 4F2 antigen (CD98). J. Biol. Chem. 1998;273:23629–23632
  58. Kelley DS, Potter VR. Regulation of amino acid transport systems by amino acid depletion and supplementation in monolayer cultures of rat hepatocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 1978;253:9009–9017
  59. Kido Y, Tamai I, Uchino H, Suzuki F, Sai Y, Tsuji A. Molecular and functional identification of large neutral amino acid transporters LAT1 and LAT2 and their pharmacological relevance at the blood–brain barrier. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2001;53:497–503
  60. Killian DM, Chikhale PJ. Predominant functional activity of the large, neutral amino acid transporter (LAT1) isoform at the cerebrovasculature. Neurosci. Lett. 2001;306:1–4
  61. Knudsen GM, Pettigrew KD, Patlak CS, Hertz MM, Paulson OB. Asymmetrical transport of amino acids across the blood–brain barrier in humans. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1990;10:698–706
  62. Koeppe RA, Mangner T, Betz AL, Shulkin BL, Allen R, Kollros P, et al. Use of [11C]aminocyclohexanecarboxylate for the measurement of amino acid uptake and distribution volume in human brain. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1990;10:727–739
  63. Lahoutte T, Caveliers V, Camargo SM, Franca R, Ramadan T, Veljkovic E, et al. SPECT and PET amino acid tracer influx via system L (h4F2hc-hLAT1) and its transstimulation. J. Nucl. Med. 2004;45:1591–1596
  64. Lee WJ, Hawkins RA, Vina JR, Peterson DR. Glutamine transport by the blood–brain barrier: a possible mechanism for nitrogen removal. Am. J. Physiol. 1998;274:C1101–C1107
  65. MacLeod CL. Regulation of cationic amino acid transporter (CAT) gene expression. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 1996;24:846–852
  66. Mann DM. The locus coeruleus and its possible role in ageing and degenerative disease of the human central nervous system. Mech. Ageing Dev. 1983;23:73–94
  67. Mann GE, Yudilevich DL, Sobrevia L. Regulation of amino acid and glucose transporters in endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Physiol. Rev. 2003;83(1):183–252
  68. Masseguin C, LePanse S, Corman B, Verbavatz JM, Gabrion J. Aging affects choroidal proteins involved in CSF production in Sprague–Dawley rats. Neurobiol. Aging. 2005;26:917–927
  69. Mastroberardino L, Spindler B, Pfeiffer R, Skelly PJ, Loffing J, Shoemaker CB, et al. Amino-acid transport by heterodimers of 4F2hc/CD98 and members of a permease family. Nature. 1998;395:288–291
  70. Melone M, Quagliano F, Barbaresi P, Varoqui H, Erickson JD, Conti F. Localization of the glutamine transporter SNAT1 in rat cerebral cortex and neighboring structures, with a note on its localization in human cortex. Cereb. Cortex. 2004;14:562–574
  71. Melone M, Varoqui H, Erickson JD, Conti F. Localization of the Na(+)-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 in the cerebral cortex. Neuroscience. 2006;140:281–292
  72. Miller LP, Pardridge WM, Braun LD, Oldendorf WH. Kinetic constants for blood–brain barrier amino acid transport in conscious rats. J. Neurochem. 1985;45:1427–1432
  73. Momma S, Aoyagi M, Rapoport SI, Smith QR. Phenylalanine transport across the blood–brain barrier as studied with the in situ brain perfusion technique. J. Neurochem. 1987;48:1291–1300
  74. Munck BG. Lysine transport across the small intestine. Stimulating and inhibitory effects of neutral amino acids. J. Membr. Biol. 1980;53:45–53
  75. Nelson PT, Marton L, Saper CB. Alz-50 immunohistochemistry in the normal sheep striatum – a light and electron – microscope study. Brain Res. 1993;600:285–297
  76. Nelson PT, Greenberg SG, Saper CB. Neurofibrillary tangles in the cerebral–cortex of sheep. Neurosci. Lett. 1994;170:187–190
  77. Nelson PT, Saper CB. Ultrastructure of neurofibrillary tangles in the cerebral–cortex of sheep. Neurobiol. Ageing. 1995;16:315–323
  78. Nelson PT, Saper CB. Injection of okadaic acid, but not beta-amyloid peptide, induce Al2-50 immunoreactive dystrophic neuritis in the cerebral cortex of sheep. Neurosci. Lett. 1996;208:77–80
  79. Neuropathology Group of the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS) . Pathological correlates of late-onset dementia in a multicentre, community-based population in England and Wales. Lancet. 2001;357:169–175
  80. O’Kane RL, Hawkins RA. Na+-dependent transport of large neutral amino acids occurs at the abluminal membrane of the blood–brain barrier. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2003;285:E1167–E1173
  81. O’Kane RL, Martinez-Lopez I, DeJoseph MR, Vina JR, Hawkins RA. Na(+)-dependent glutamate transporters (EAAT1, EAAT2, and EAAT3) of the blood–brain barrier. A mechanism for glutamate removal. J. Biol. Chem. 1999;274:31891–31895
  82. O’Kane RL, Vina JR, Simpson I, Zaragoza R, Mokashi A, Hawkins RA. Cationic amino acid transport across the blood–brain barrier is mediated exclusively by system y+. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2006;291:E412–E419
  83. O’Tuama LA, Phillips PC, Smith QR, Uno Y, Dannals RF, Wilson AA, et al. L-methionine uptake by human cerebral cortex: maturation from infancy to old age. J. Nucl. Med. 1991;32:16–22
  84. Ohtsuki S, Terasaki T. Contribution of carrier-mediated transport systems to the blood–brain barrier as a supporting and protecting interface for the brain; importance for CNS drug discovery and development. Pharm. Res. 2007;24:1745–1758
  85. Oldendorf WH. Uptake of radiolabeled essential amino acids by brain following arterial injection. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1971;136:385–386
  86. Oldendorf WH. Stereospecificity of blood–brain barrier permeability to amino acids. Am. J. Physiol. 1973;224:967–969
  87. Oldendorf WH, Szabo J. Amino acid assignment to one of three blood–brain barrier amino acid carriers. Am. J. Physiol. 1976;230:94–98
  88. Omidi Y, Barar J, Ahmadian S, Heidari HR, Gumbleton M. Characterization and astrocytic modulation of system L transporters in brain microvasculature endothelial cells. Cell Biochem. Funct. 2008;26:381–391
  89. Palacin M, Estevez R, Bertran J, Zorzano A. Molecular biology of mammalian plasma membrane amino acid transporters. Physiol. Rev. 1998;78:969–1054
  90. Palacin M, Nunes V, Font-Llitjos M, Jimenez-Vidal M, Fort J, Gasol E, et al. The genetics of heteromeric amino acid transporters. Physiology (Bethesda). 2005;20:112–124
  91. Pan M, Souba WW, Wolfgang CL, Karinch AM, Stevens BR. Posttranslational alanine trans-stimulation of zwitterionic amino acid transport systems in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. J. Surg. Res. 2002;104:63–69
  92. Pardridge WM. Brain metabolism: a perspective from the blood–brain barrier. Physiol. Rev. 1983;63:1481–1535
  93. Pardridge WM. Blood–brain barrier carrier-mediated transport and brain metabolism of amino acids. Neurochem. Res. 1998;23:635–644
  94. Pessoa-Pureur R, Wajner M. Cytoskeleton as a potential target in the neuropathology of maple syrup urine disease: insight from animal studies. J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 2007;30:664–672
  95. Pineda M, Fernandez E, Torrents D, Estevez R, Lopez C, Camps M, et al. Identification of a membrane protein, LAT-2, that co-expresses with 4F2 heavy chain, an L-type amino acid transport activity with broad specificity for small and large zwitterionic amino acids. J. Biol. Chem. 1999;274:19738–19744
  96. Preston J, Wilson M, Chen R. Aging of the choroid plexus and CSF system: implications for neurodegeneration. In:  Zheng W,  Chodobski A editor. The Blood–Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier. New York: Taylor and Francis Group; 2005;p. 361–376
  97. Preston JE. Ageing choroid plexus-cerebrospinal fluid system. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2001;52:31–37
  98. Preston JE, Segal MB. The steady-state amino acid fluxes across the perfused choroid plexus of the sheep. Brain Res. 1990;525:275–279
  99. Preston JE, Segal MB. The uptake of anionic and cationic amino acids by the isolated perfused sheep choroid plexus. Brain Res. 1992;581:351–355
  100. Preston JE, Segal MB, Walley GJ, Zlokovic BV. Neutral amino acid uptake by the isolated perfused sheep choroid plexus. J. Physiol. 1989;408:31–43
  101. Ravaglia G, Forti P, Maioli F, Bianchi G, Sacchetti L, Talerico T, et al. Plasma amino acid concentrations in healthy and cognitively impaired oldest-old individuals: associations with anthropometric parameters of body composition and functional disability. Br. J. Nutr. 2002;88:563–572
  102. Roberts LM, Black DS, Raman C, Woodford K, Zhou M, Haggerty JE, et al. Subcellular localization of transporters along the rat blood–brain barrier and blood–cerebral–spinal fluid barrier by in vivo biotinylation. Neuroscience. 2008;155:423–438
  103. Sadineni V, Schoneich C. Age-dependent oxidation and aggregation of ZnT-1: a role for metal catalyzed oxidation?. Exp. Gerontol. 2007;42:1130–1136
  104. Sanacora G, Zarate CA, Krystal JH, Manji HK. Targeting the glutamatergic system to develop novel, improved therapeutics for mood disorders. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2008;7:426–437
  105. Sanchez del Pino MM, Hawkins RA, Peterson DR. Neutral amino acid transport by the blood–brain barrier. Membrane vesicle studies. J. Biol. Chem. 1992;267:25951–25957
  106. Sanchez del Pino MM, Peterson DR, Hawkins RA. Neutral amino acid transport characterization of isolated luminal and abluminal membranes of the blood–brain barrier. J. Biol. Chem. 1995;270:14913–14918
  107. Schwarcz R, Meldrum B. Excitatory aminoacid antagonists provide a therapeutic approach to neurological disorders. Lancet. 1985;2:140–143
  108. Segal MB, Preston JE, Collis CS, Zlokovic BV. Kinetics and Na independence of amino acid uptake by blood side of perfused sheep choroid plexus. Am. J. Physiol. 1990;258:F1288–F1294
  109. Segawa H, Fukasawa Y, Miyamoto K, Takeda E, Endou H, Kanai Y. Identification and functional characterization of a Na+-independent neutral amino acid transporter with broad substrate selectivity. J. Biol. Chem. 1999;274:19745–19751
  110. Serot JM, Bene MC, Foliguet B, Faure GC. Morphological alterations of the choroid plexus in late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2000;99:105–108
  111. Serot JM, Foliguet B, Bene MC, Faure GC. Choroid plexus and ageing in rats: a morphometric and ultrastructural study. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2001;14:794–798
  112. Smith QR. Transport of glutamate and other amino acids at the blood–brain barrier. J. Nutr. 2000;130:1016S–1022S
  113. Smith QR, Momma S, Aoyagi M, Rapoport SI. Kinetics of neutral amino acid transport across the blood–brain barrier. J. Neurochem. 1987;49:1651–1658
  114. Smith QR, Stroll J. Blood–brain barrier amino acid transport. In:  Pardridge WM editors. Introduction to the Blood–Brain Barrier: Methodology, Biology, and Pathology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1998;p. 188–197
  115. Spackman DH, Stein WH, Moore S. Automatic recording apparatus for use in chromatography of amino acids. Anal. Chem. 1958;30:1190–1206
  116. Spector R, Johanson CE. The mammalian choroid plexus. Sci. Am. 1989;261:68–74
  117. Stieger B, Stange G, Biber J, Murer H. Transport of L-lysine by rat renal brush border membrane vesicles. Pflugers Arch. 1983;397:106–113
  118. Sweiry JH, Munoz M, Mann GE. Cis-inhibition and trans-stimulation of cationic amino acid transport in the perfused rat pancreas. Am. J. Physiol. 1991;261:C506–C514
  119. Takasugi Y, Kawata K, Okuda T, Koga Y, Mizuguchi N, Yamanaka S, et al. Strain differences to effects of aging on concentrations of amino acids in cerebrospinal fluid between Sprague Dawley rat and Wistar Kyoto rat. Exp. Anim. 2003;52:429–432
  120. Tang JP, Melethil S. Effect of aging on the kinetics of blood–brain barrier uptake of tryptophan in rats. Pharm. Res. 1995;12:1085–1091
  121. Tannenberg RK, Scott HL, Westphalen RI, Dodd PR. The identification and characterization of excitotoxic nerve-endings in Alzheimer disease. Curr. Alzheimer Res. 2004;1:11–25
  122. Tayarani I, Lefauconnier JM, Roux F, Bourre JM. Evidence for an alanine, serine, and cysteine system of transport in isolated brain capillaries. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1987;7:585–591
  123. Tenenbaum T, Adam R, Eggelnpohler I, Matalon D, Seibt A, Ge KN, et al. Strain-dependent disruption of blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier by Streptoccocus suis in vitro. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 2005;44:25–34
  124. Tilleux S, Hermans E. Neuroinflammation and regulation of glial glutamate uptake in neurological disorders. J. Neurosci. Res. 2007;85:2059–2070
  125. Verrey F. System L: heteromeric exchangers of large, neutral amino acids involved in directional transport. Pflugers Arch. 2003;445:529–533
  126. Waisbren SE, Noel K, Fahrbach K, Cella C, Frame D, Dorenbaum A, et al. Phenylalanine blood levels and clinical outcomes in phenylketonuria: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Mol. Genet. Metab. 2007;92:63–70
  127. Weis S, Llenos IC, Dulay JR, Verma N, Sabunciyan S, Yolken RH. Changes in region- and cell type-specific expression patterns of neutral amino acid transporter 1 (ASCT-1) in the anterior cingulate cortex and hippocampus in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression. J. Neural. Transm. 2007;114:261–271
  128. Weiss MD, Donnelly WH, Rossignol C, Varoqui H, Erickson JD, Anderson KJ. Ontogeny of the neutral amino acid transporter SNAT1 in the developing rat. J. Mol. Histol. 2005;36:301–309
  129. Wen GY, Wisniewski HM, Kascsak RJ. Biondi ring tangles in the choroid plexus of Alzheimer's disease and normal aging brains: a quantitative study. Brain Res. 1999;832:40–46
  130. White MF, Gazzola GC, Christensen HN. Cationic amino acid transport into cultured animal cells. I. Influx into cultured human fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 1982;257:4443–4449
  131. Xiang J, Ennis SR, Abdelkarim GE, Fujisawa M, Kawai N, Keep RF. Glutamine transport at the blood–brain and blood–cerebrospinal fluid barriers. Neurochem. Int. 2003;43:279–288

PII: S0197-4580(10)00045-X

doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.01.015

Neurobiology of Aging
Volume 33, Issue 1 , Pages 121-133 , January 2012

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution