Neurobiology of Aging
Volume 30, Issue 8 , Pages 1177-1183 , August 2009

Carotid atherosclerosis and cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer's disease

  • Mauro Silvestrini

      Affiliations

    • Neurological Clinic, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Conca 1, 60020 Ancona, Italy
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author at: Clinica Neurologica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, Via Conca 1, 60020 Ancona, Italy. Tel.: +39 071 596 4530; fax: +39 071 887 262.
  • ,
  • Beatrice Gobbi

      Affiliations

    • Neurological Clinic, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Conca 1, 60020 Ancona, Italy
  • ,
  • Patrizio Pasqualetti

      Affiliations

    • Center of Medical Statistics & Information Technology, AFaR-Fatebenefratelli Hospital-Isola Tiberina, Lungotevere degli Anguillara 12, 00153 Rome, Italy
  • ,
  • Marco Bartolini

      Affiliations

    • Neurological Clinic, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Conca 1, 60020 Ancona, Italy
  • ,
  • Roberto Baruffaldi

      Affiliations

    • Neurological Clinic, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Conca 1, 60020 Ancona, Italy
  • ,
  • Chiara Lanciotti

      Affiliations

    • Neurological Clinic, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Conca 1, 60020 Ancona, Italy
  • ,
  • Raffaella Cerqua

      Affiliations

    • Neurological Clinic, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Conca 1, 60020 Ancona, Italy
  • ,
  • Claudia Altamura

      Affiliations

    • Neurological Clinic, Campus Biomedico University, Via Dei Compositori 130, 00128 Rome, Italy
  • ,
  • Leandro Provinciali

      Affiliations

    • Neurological Clinic, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Conca 1, 60020 Ancona, Italy
  • ,
  • Fabrizio Vernieri

      Affiliations

    • Neurological Clinic, Campus Biomedico University, Via Dei Compositori 130, 00128 Rome, Italy

Received 4 April 2007 ,Revised 7 September 2007 ,Accepted 9 November 2007.

References 

  1. Aliev G, Smith MA, Seyidov D, Neal ML, Lamb BT, Nunomura A, et al. The role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of cerebrovascular lesions in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Pathol. 2002;12:21–35
  2. Bartels E. Color-coded Duplex Ultrasonography of the Cerebral Vessels. Stuttgart, New York: Shattauer; 1999;
  3. Bonithon-Kopp C, Touboul PJ, Berr C, Loroux C, Mainard F, Courbon D, et al. Relation of intima–media thickness to atherosclerotic plaques in carotid arteries: the Vascular-Aging (EVA) Study. Atheroscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 1996;16:310–316
  4. Bossema ER, Brand N, Moll FL, Ackerstaff RGA, van Doornen LJP. Does carotid endarterectomy improve cognitive functioning?. J. Vasc. Surg. 2005;41:775–781
  5. Breteler MM. Vascular risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: an epidemiologic perspective. Neurobiol. Aging. 2000;21:153–160
  6. Cerhan JR, Folsom AR, Mortimer JA, Shahar E, Knopman DS, McGovern PG, et al. Correlates of cognitive function in middle-aged adults. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Investigators. Gerontology. 1998;44:95–105
  7. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL, et al. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289:2560–2572
  8. Cupini LM, Pasqualetti P, Diomedi M, Vernieri F, Silvestrini M, Rizzato B, et al. Carotid artery intima–media thickness and lacunar versus non-lacunar infarcts. Stroke. 2002;33:689–694
  9. De Bray JM, Glatt B. Quantification of atheromatous stenosis in the extracranial internal carotid artery. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 1995;5:414–426
  10. de la Torre JC. Alzheimer disease as a vascular disorder. Nosological evidence. Stroke. 2002;33:1152–1162
  11. Executive Summary of the Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) . Expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486–2497
  12. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. Mini-mental state. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J. Psychiatr. Res. 1975;12:189–198
  13. Grigoletto F, Zappala G, Andreson DW, Lebowitz BD. Norms for the Mini-Mental State Examination in a healthy population. Neurology. 1999;53:315–320
  14. Honig LS, Kukull W, Mayeux R. Atherosclerosis and AD. Analysis of data from the US National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center. Neurology. 2005;64:494–500
  15. Iadecola C, Gorelick PB. Converging pathogenic mechanisms in vascular and neurodegenerative dementia. Stroke. 2003;34:335–337
  16. In’t Veld BA, Ruitenberg A, Hofman A, Stricker BHC, Breteler MMB. Antihypertensive drugs and incidence of dementia: the Rotterdam Study. Neurobiol. Aging. 2001;22:407–412
  17. Johnston SC, O’Meara ES, Manolio TA, Lefkowitz D, O’Leary DH, Goldstein S, et al. Cognitive impairment and decline are associated with carotid artery disease in patients without clinically evident cerebrovascular disease. Annu. Int. Med. 2004;140:237–247
  18. Khachaturian AS, Zandi PP, Lyketsos CG, Hayden KM, Skoog I, Norton MC, et al. Antihypertensive medication use and incident Alzheimer disease: the Cache County Study. Arch. Neurol. 2006;63:686–692
  19. Kivipelto M, Solomon A, Winblad B. Statin therapy in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4:521–532
  20. Luchsinger JA, Reitz C, Honig LS, Tang MX, Shea S, Mayeux R. Aggregation of vascular risk factors and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2005;65:545–555
  21. McGuinness B, Todd S, Passmore P, Bullock R. The effects of blood pressure lowering on development of cognitive impairment and dementia in patients without apparent prior cerebrovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2006;19:CD004034
  22. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS–ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of the Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology. 1984;34:939–944
  23. Morris JC. The clinical dementia rating (CDR): current version and scoring rules. Neurology. 1993;43:2412–2414
  24. Morris MC, Scherr PA, Hebert LE, Glynn RJ, Bennett DA, Evans DA. Association of incident Alzheimer disease and blood pressure measured from 13 years before to 2 years after diagnosis in a large community study. Arch. Neurol. 2001;58:1146–1640
  25. Mungas D, Reed BR. Application of item response theory for development of a global functioning measure of dementia with linear measurement properties. Stat. Med. 2000;19:1631–1644
  26. Nicolaides AN, Shifrin EG, Bradbury A, Dhanjil S, Griffin M, Belcaro G, et al. Angiographic and duplex grading of internal carotid stenosis: can we overcome the confusion?. J. Endovasc. Surg. 1996;3:158–165
  27. O’Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Burke GL, Wolfson SK. Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 1999;340:14–22
  28. Peila R, White LR, Masaki K, Petrovitch H, Launer LJ. Reducing the risk of dementia: efficacy of long-term treatment of hypertension. Stroke. 2006;37:1165–1170
  29. Rao R. The role of carotid stenosis in vascular cognitive impairment. Eur. Neurol. 2001;46:63–69
  30. Roher AE, Esh C, Rahman A, Kokjohn T, Beach T. Atherosclerosis of cerebral arteries in Alzheimer disease. Stroke. 2004;35:2623–2627
  31. Silvestrini M, Pasqualetti P, Baruffaldi R, Bartolini M, Handouk Y, Matteis M, et al. Cerebrovascular reactivity and cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer disease. Stroke. 2006;37:1010–1015
  32. Snowdon DA, Greiner LH, Mortimer JA, Riley KP, Greiner PA, Markesbery WR. Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer disease: the nun study. JAMA. 1997;227:813–817
  33. Solfrizzi V, Panza F, Colacicco AM, D’Introno A, Capurso C, Torres F, et al. Vascular risk factors, incidence of MCI, and rates of progression to dementia. Neurology. 2004;63:1882–1891
  34. Sutton-Tyrrel K, Lassila HC, Meilahn E, Bunker C, Matthews KA, Kuller LH. Carotid atherosclerosis in premenopausal and postmenopausal women and its association with risk factors measured after menopause. Stroke. 1998;29:1116–1121
  35. Vagnucci AH, Li WW. Alzheimer's disease and angiogenesis. Lancet. 2003;361:605–608
  36. Vickers AJ, Altman DG. Statistic notes: analysing controlled trials with baseline and follow-up measurements. BMJ. 2001;323:1123–1124
  37. Wahlund LO, Barkhof F, Fazekas F, Bronge L, Augustin M, Sjogren M, et al. European task force on age-related white matter changes a new rating scale for age-related white matter changes applicable to MRI and CT. Stroke. 2001;32:1318–1322
  38. Wang JG, Staessen JA, Li Y, Van Bortel LM, Nawrot T, Fagard R, et al. Carotid intima–media thickness and antihypertensive treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Stroke. 2006;37:1933–1940
  39. World Health Organization, 1999. Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications: Report of A WHO Consultation. Part 1. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Geneva.

PII: S0197-4580(07)00441-1

doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.11.008

Neurobiology of Aging
Volume 30, Issue 8 , Pages 1177-1183 , August 2009