Neurobiology of Aging
Volume 30, Issue 6 , Pages 946-956 , June 2009

Sex differences in the causes and consequences of white matter hyperintensities

  • P.S. Sachdev

      Affiliations

    • School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia
    • Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author at: NPI, Euroa Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Barker Street, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia. Tel.: +61 2 9382 3763; fax: +61 2 9382 3774.
    • ,
  • R. Parslow

      Affiliations

    • Orygen Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
    • ,
  • W. Wen

      Affiliations

    • School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia
    • Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
    • ,
  • K.J. Anstey

      Affiliations

    • Centre for Mental Health Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
    • ,
  • S. Easteal

      Affiliations

    • John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia

Received 11 April 2007 ,Revised 6 August 2007 ,Accepted 31 August 2007.

References 

  1. Atwood LD, Wolf PA, Heard-Costa NL, Massaro JM, Beiser A, D’Agostino RB, et al. Genetic variation in white matter hyperintensity volume in the Framingham Study. Stroke. 2004;35:1609–1613
  2. Baddeley A, Emslie H, Nimmo-Smith I. The Spot-the-Word Test. Bury St Edmunds. England: Thames Valley Test Company; 1992;
  3. Coffey CE, Lucke JF, Saxton JA, Ratcliff G, Unitas LJ, Billig B, et al. Sex differences in brain aging: a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch. Neurol. 1998;55:169–179
  4. de Leeuw FE, de Groot JC, Achten E, Oudkerk M, Ramos LM, Heijboer R, et al. Prevalence of cerebral white matter lesions in elderly people: a population based magnetic resonance imaging study. The Rotterdam Scan Study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2001;70:9–14
  5. DeCarli C, Reed T, Miller BL, Wolf PA, Swan GE, Carmelli D. Impact of apolipoprotein E epsilon4 and vascular disease on brain morphology in men from the NHLBI twin study. Stroke. 1999;30:1548–1553
  6. Delis DC, Kramer JH, Kaplan E, Ober BA. California Verbal Learning Test. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation Harcourt Brace Jovanovich; 1987;
  7. Duvernoy H. The Human Brain: Surface, Three-dimensional Sectional Anatomy and MRI. Wein: Springer-Verlag; 1991;
  8. Fazekas F, Chawluk JB, Alavi A, Hurtig HI, Zimmerman RA. MR signal abnormalities at 1.5T in Alzheimer's dementia and normal aging. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 1987;149:351–356
  9. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. Mini-mental state: a practical method for grading the cognitive status of patients for the children. J. Psychiatr. Res. 1975;12:189–198
  10. Gubitz G, Sandercock P. Prevention of ischaemic stroke. Br. Med. J. 2000;321:1455–1459
  11. Gunning-Dixon FM, Raz N. The cognitive correlates of white matter abnormalities in normal aging: a quantitative review. Neuropsychology. 2000;14:224–232
  12. Henderson AS, Easteal S, Jorm AF, MacKinnon AJ, Korten AE, Christensen H, et al. Apolipoprotein E allele ɛ4, dementia, and cognitive decline in a population sample. Lancet. 1995;346:1387–1390
  13. Hirono N, Yasuda M, Tanimukai S, Kitagaki H, Mori E. Effect of the apolipoprotein E4 allele on white matter hyperintensities in dementia. Stroke. 2000;31:1263–1268
  14. Jorm AF, Anstey KJ, Christensen H, de Plater G, Kumar R, Wen W, et al. MRI hyperintensities and depressive symptoms in a community sample of 60–64 year olds. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2005;162:699–704
  15. Kokmen E, Beard CM, O’Brien PC, Offord KP, Kurland LT. Is the incidence of dementing illness changing? A 25-year time trend study in Rochester Minnesota (1960–1984). Neurology. 1993;43:1887–1892
  16. Kuller LH, Shemanski L, Manolio T, Haan M, Fried L, Bryan N, et al. Relationship between apoE, MRI findings, and cognitive function in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Stroke. 1998;29:388–398
  17. Leys D, Pasquier F. Not all hypertensive subjects have similar risks for white matter lesions: influence of genetic factors. Stroke. 2004;35:1061–1062
  18. Liao D, Cooper L, Cai J, Toole JF, Bryan NR, Hutchinson RG, et al. Presence and severity of cerebral white matter lesions and hypertension, its treatment, and its control The ARIC study. Atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Stroke. 1996;27:2262–2270
  19. Longstreth WT, Manolio TA, Arnold A, Burke GL, Bryan N, Jungreis CA, et al. Clinical correlates of white matter findings on cranial magnetic resonance imaging of 3301 elderly people. Stroke. 1996;27:1274–1282
  20. Low L-F, Anstey KJ, Maller JJ, Kumar R, Wen W, Lux O, et al. Hormone replacement therapy, brain volumes and white matter in postmenopausal women aged 60–64 years. Neuroreport. 2006;17:101–104
  21. McEwen BS, Alves SE, Bulloch K, Weiland NG. Ovarian steroids and the brain: implications for cognition and aging. Neurology. 1997;48:S8–S15
  22. Pantoni L, Garcia JH. Pathogenesis of leukoaraiosis: a review. Stroke. 1997;28:652–659
  23. Reitan RM, Wolfson D. The Halstead–Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: Theory and Clinical Interpretation. Tucson, AZ: Neuropsychological Press; 1993;
  24. Roberts PA, Knight J, Campbell AK. Pholasin: a bioluminescent indicator for detecting activation of single neutrophilis. Anal. Biochem. 1987;160:139–148
  25. Rocca WA, Cha RH, Waring SC, Kokemen E. Incidence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a reanalysis of data from Rochester, Minnesota 1975–1984. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1998;148:51–62
  26. Sachdev PS, Wen W, Christensen H, Jorm AF. White matter hyperintensities are related to physical disability and poor motor function. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2005;76:362–367
  27. Sakakibara R, Hattori T, Uchiyama T, Yamanishi T. Urinary function in elderly people with and without leukoaraiosis: relation to cognitive and gait function. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 1999;67:658–660
  28. Schmidt R, Enzinger C, Ropele S, Schmidt H, Fazekas F Austrian Stroke Prevention Study. Progression of cerebral white matter lesions: 6-year results of the Austrian Stroke Prevention Study. Lancet. 2003;361:2046–2048
  29. Smith A. Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) Manual. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services; 1982;
  30. Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW. Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHG primary care study. JAMA. 1999;282:1737–1744
  31. Starr JM, Leaper SA, Murray AD, Lemon HA, Staff RT, Deary IJ, et al. Brain white matter lesions detected by magnetic resonance imaging are associated with balance and gait speed. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2003;74:94–98
  32. Taylor WD, MacFall JR, Provenzale JM, Payne ME, McQuoid DR, Steffens DC, et al. Serial MR imaging of volumes of hyperintense white matter lesions in elderly patients: correlation with vascular risk factors. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2003;181:571–576
  33. Tiffin J. Purdue Pegboard Examiner's Manual. Rosemont, IL: London House; 1968;
  34. van den Heuvel DM, Admiraal-Behloul F, ten Dam VH, Olofsen H, Bollen EL, Murray HM, et al. Different progression rates for deep white matter hyperintensities in elderly men and women. Neurology. 2004;63:1699–1701
  35. Ware JE, Kosinski M, Keller SD. A 12-item short-form health survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Med. Care. 1996;34:220–233
  36. Wechsler D. Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised Manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation; 1991;
  37. Wen W, Sachdev P. The topography of white matter hyperintensities on brain MRI in middle-aged individuals. NeuroImage. 2004;22:144–154

PII: S0197-4580(07)00354-5

doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.08.023

Neurobiology of Aging
Volume 30, Issue 6 , Pages 946-956 , June 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution